The Enigmatic Eros : Ancient Greece’s Harbinger of Love

In the richness of Ancient Greek mythology, where gods and goddesses governed every facet of human life, love—a fundamental human experience—was personified by the captivating figure of Eros. Often misconceived as a mere cherubic figure in later Roman mythology as Cupid, Eros’ origins and influence in Greek mythology are profound and complex. Unlike St. Valentine, who is primarily associated with a day celebrating romantic love, Eros embodies the intricate and often tumultuous nature of love itself.

The Genesis of Eros

Eros, in the earliest accounts of Greek mythology, was a primordial deity, emerging from the chaotic void known as Chaos, making him one of the first beings in existence. This depiction of Eros as a fundamental force suggests that the Greeks considered love not just an emotion but a cosmic principle essential for the order of the universe. In Hesiod’s “Theogony,” Eros is portrayed as the fairest among the deathless gods, the one who “loosens the limbs and overcomes the mind and wise counsels of all gods and all men within them.”

The Evolution of Eros

Over centuries, Eros evolved. From a primordial force, he transformed into the mischievous son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Ares, the god of war. This lineage perfectly encapsulates the dual nature of love: as a source of beauty and joy, born from Aphrodite, and as a force capable of inciting conflict and chaos, derived from Ares. In this later tradition, Eros is often depicted as a youthful figure with wings, armed with a bow and arrows, symbolizing the ability of love to “wound” the hearts of gods and mortals alike.

Eros in Mythology: The Embodiment of Love’s Power

Eros’ mythological appearances underscore his role as a formidable god whose influence could alter the fates of both deities and humans. One of the most telling myths is that of Apollo and Daphne. Eros, in a fit of spite against Apollo, shoots the god with a golden arrow to incite uncontrollable love, while Daphne is struck with a leaden arrow, inducing aversion. This tragic tale highlights not only the capricious nature of love but also serves as a cautionary narrative about the consequences of underestimating love’s power.

Another significant myth involving Eros is his love story with Psyche, a mortal woman of extraordinary beauty. The tale, rich with trials, transformations, and eventual reconciliation, emphasizes the transformative power of love, requiring trust and overcoming obstacles. Through Psyche’s journey, Eros is also humanized, experiencing vulnerability, longing, and the capacity for forgiveness.

Eros’ Legacy

The influence of Eros extends beyond mythology into the realms of philosophy and art. Plato, in his “Symposium,” explores the concept of Eros through a philosophical lens, presenting love as a ladder of ascent, leading the soul from physical attraction to the love of wisdom and ultimately, the divine. In art, Eros has been a favorite subject, depicted in various forms from the classical period to the Renaissance, symbolizing not only romantic love but also the creative impulse and the unity of all things.

St.Valentine and Eros, one different point is enough!

Eros, far from being a one-dimensional figure akin to St. Valentine, represents the multifaceted nature of love itself—its power to create and destroy, to uplift and overwhelm. His myths offer a window into the Ancient Greeks’ perceptions of love, highlighting its significance as a cosmic and driving force in human life. In celebrating Eros, we acknowledge the complexity of love, reminding us of the ancient belief in love’s omnipotent role in our lifes.

How is Love measured?  The eternal question “loves me, loves me not?” the young man asks Venus and the scale of Eros and Anteros tips the balance in his favor. This rare image of erotostasia (the weighing of Love) might represent a couple weighing the depth of their love, though equally it could show Aphrodite deciding a couple’s fate in love – or perhaps choosing between two rival lovers? Τhe capriciousness of love seems also suggested by the ball of Eros resting on the cushioned stool. Not just a plaything, the ball is tossed by Eros to rouse his victims to the passionate game of love.

 Apulian hydria (water jar), 340 BC, British Museum.

 On display at the exhibition “NoHMATA ‘Meanings’ of the Acropolis Museum. Personifications and Allegories from Antiquity to Today” until 14 April 2024.